[38][39], In 1892 the British Armed Forces set out to fight the Ijebu Kingdom, which had resisted missionaries and foreign traders. The Ekumeku, who were well organized and whose leaders were joined in secrecy oaths, effectively utilized guerrilla tactics to attack the British. Most accounts of Nigeria's colonisation were written by British officials, presenting it as a noble civilising mission to rid Africans of barbaric superstition and corrupt tribal leadership. Durres Port. http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/the-factors-that-led-to-the-colonization-of-africa-by-the-europeans-PLa41Sz5 Be sure to capitalize proper nouns (e.g. By an overwhelming majority, voters in the Southern Cameroons opted to join formerly French-administered Cameroon over integration with Nigeria as a separate federated region. He was contemptuous of the educated and Westernised African elite found more in the South, and he recommended transferring the capital from Lagos, the cosmopolitan city where the influence of these people was most pronounced, to Kaduna in the north. This was a case of plenty harvest but few hands to cultivate. These schools would teach "the basic principles that would and should regulate character and conduct". Despite the acceptance of European and North American influences, the nationalists were critical of colonialism for its failure to appreciate the antiquity, richness and complexity of indigenous cultures. Lugard's success in northern Nigeria has been attributed to his policy of indirect rule; that is, he governed the protectorate through the rulers defeated by the British. Free shipping for many products! The classic example in English history was the victory of the Parliament over the king. The 1922 constitution provided Nigerians with the chance to elect a handful of representatives to the Legislative Council. Hon. On 9 May 1913, Lugard submitted a formal proposal to the Colonial Office in which Northern and Southern provinces would have separate administrations, under the control of a "strongly authoritarian" Governor-General. By the eighteenth century, evidence of Christianity had disappeared. In 1841 the British tried to settle some Egba on a model farm in Lokoja, but the plan was aborted because the mortality rate among European officials was so high. Exploration was intensified in 1946, but the first commercial discovery did not occur until 1956, at Olobiri in the Niger Delta. During the 1880's through 1914, the start of WWI, was an age of imperialism. Early nationalists tended to ignore Nigeria as the focus of patriotism. Amalgamation of Nigeria was envisioned from early on in its governance, as is made clear by the report of the Niger Committee in 1898. It backed Yoruba irredentism in the Fulani-ruled emirate of Ilorin in the Northern Region, and separatist movements among non-Igbo in the Eastern Region. In the north many emirates did not take military action, but the deposed caliph, Atahiru I, rebelled in 1903. [55], Under the Colonial Office was the Governor, who managed the administration of his colony and held powers of emergency rule. The yoruba-Igbo rivalry became increasingly important in Nigerian politics. Antrobus, Fiddes and Strachey in the Colonial Office promoted amalgamation, along with Lugard. rockin' the west coast prayer group; easy bulky sweater knitting pattern. [59], Following the order recommended by the Niger Committee, the Colonial Office merged Lagos Colony and the Southern Nigeria Protectorate on 1 May 1906, forming a larger protectorate (still called the Southern Nigeria Protectorate) which spanned the coastline between Dahomey and Cameroon. Britain withdrew from the slave trade when it was the major transporter of slaves to the Americas. The federal government retained specified powers, including responsibility for banking, currency, external affairs, defence, shipping and navigation and communications, but real political power was centred in the regions. The official languages of Kenya, for example, are English and Kiswahili, while Zimbabwe -- formerly Rhodesia under British colonial rule -- uses English as its only official language. The NPC federal parliamentary leader, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, was appointed Prime Minister of Nigeria. At the urging of Governor Frederick Lugard, the two territories were amalgamated as the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria, while maintaining considerable regional autonomy among the three major regions (Northern protectorate, Southern protectorate and the Colony of Lagos). Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991. Agents also collected intelligence for the colonial officials; they gathered information on public opinion and the military resources of the local polities; they also spied on rival colonial forces in foreign territories. They caused major transformations in traditional society as they eroded the religious institutions such as human sacrifice, infanticide and secret societies, which had formerly played a role in political authority and community life.[26]. An extensive immigrant population of southerners, especially Igbo, already were living in the north; they dominated clerical positions and were active in many trades. Slaves formerly had been traded for European goods, especially guns and gunpowder, but now the British encouraged trade in palm oil in the Niger delta states, ostensibly to replace the trade in slaves. Under the Political Department of the Civil Service were Residents and District Officers, responsible for overseeing operations in each region. Economic links among the regions increased, but indirect rule tended to discourage political interchange. The Headquarters of Gombe emirate was Gombe-Abba[15] until when the then Emir of Gombe, Umaru Kwairanga (18981922), was forced to move from Gombe-Abba, a town founded by his grandfather and the founder of Gombe Emirate, Modibbo Bubayero, to Nafada town in 1913, and then to the current Gombe in 1919, that was after Gombe Emirate was conquered by British colonialists in 1903. The officers of the RWAFF were British. Alienated by the anonymity of the urban environment and drawn together by ties to their ethnic homelandsas well as by the need for mutual aidthe new city dwellers formed local clubs that later expanded into federations covering whole regions. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Final Conquest Verse By Verse Study of The Book Revelation DVD Robert Jeffress at the best online prices at eBay! Combining the three jurisdictions would reduce administrative expenses and facilitate deployment of resources and money between the areas. In some cases, British assignment of people to ethnic groups, and treatment based along ethnic lines, led to identification with ethnicity where none had existed before.[84]. The country was divided politically, lacking European rivals, and no sense of national unity. Nigerian recruits participated in the war effort as labourers and soldiers. Nigerian delegates were selected to represent each region and to reflect various shades of opinion. They were the most politically conscious segment of the population and created the vanguard of the nationalist movement. emblemhealth medicare customer service; did cody webster play college baseball 0 Home. Any activity in the north that might include participation by the federal government (and consequently by southern civil servants) was regarded as a challenge to the primacy of the emirates. In all three regions, minority parties represented the special interests of ethnic groups, especially as they were affected by the majority. A consul was maintained at Fernando Po to oversee the lucrative palm oil trade in the region called the Oil Rivers. These recourses were considered a necessity to the industrialization of the world . Regional administrations also varied widely in the quality of local personnel and in the scope of the operations they were willing to undertake. By demonstrating the heavy reliance on West African soldiers for the 'European' conduct of the Great War campaign in the region, it shows how West Africans helped determine the outcome of war in the region. The NCNC backed creation of a midwest state and proposed federal control of education and health services. Other commercial crops, such as cocoa and rubber, were encouraged, and tin was mined on the Jos Plateau. The British Conquest of Nigeria From about the mid nineteenth century, the British began to alter the nature of their relationship between themselves and Nigerians. [11] [12] Uneasy with the amount of latitude allowed traditional rulers under indirect rule, Clifford opposed further extension of the judicial authority held by the northern emirs. Some European traders switched to legitimate business only when the commerce in slaves became too hazardous. 2. The colonial economic policies in Nigeria, for instance, discouraged indigenous industrialization, but promoted export crop and mineral production to feed the British factories. By 1903 the conquest of the emirates was complete. Public works, such as harbour dredging and road and railway construction, opened Nigeria to economic development. Each was under a Lieutenant Governor and provided independent government services. It soon gained a virtual monopoly over trade along the River[11]. The government was responsible to a Parliament composed of the popularly elected 312-member House of Representatives and the 44-member Senate, chosen by the regional legislatures. These include the fact that military conscription (draft) of numerous African colonial subjects into European armies generated great amounts of anger. [56], Walter Egerton's sixfold agenda for 1908, as detailed on 29 November 1907, in a telegram to the Colonial Office, is representative of British priorities. [11], Britain's imperialistic posture became more aggressive towards the end of the century. Although it reserved effective power in the hands of the Governor-General and his appointed Executive Council, the so-called Richards Constitution (after Governor-General Sir Arthur Richards, who was responsible for its formulation) provided for an expanded Legislative Council empowered to deliberate on matters affecting the whole country. [70], Lugard's immediate successor (19191925), Sir Hugh Clifford, was an aristocratic professional administrator with liberal instincts who had won recognition for his enlightened governorship of the Gold Coast in 19121919. Local rulers continued to administer their territories, but consular authorities assumed jurisdiction for the equity courts established earlier by the foreign mercantile communities. The British and the French fought the Carnatic Wars, which the British won decisively - making the British the foremost colonial power. In-text citation: It was a relatively simple adjustment for many Igbo families to transport the oil to rivers and streams that led to the Niger Delta for sale to European merchants. In May of this year, Herbert J. British colonialism led to the spread of the English language in Africa, and many former British colonies still maintain English as an official language. penn wood high school alumni; picture of shawn westover; microblading nickel allergy It assumed that comparable alterations would be made elsewhere, an attitude that won the party minority voting support in the other regions. [50] In the same year, the British created the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF or WAFF), under the leadership of Colonel Frederick Lugard. The operations of this force are still not fully known due to a policy of strict secrecy mandated by the British Government. L'indpendance du. Sometimes forced labour was used directly for public works projects. 3. [51], Guidelines for running the Nigerian colony were established in 1898 by the Niger Committee, chaired by the Earl of Selborne, in 1898. [10], Following military conquest, the British imposed an economic system designed to profit from African labor. This made the British win key battles all over the East Coast, as they effectively grabbed control. British Prime Minister Lord Palmerston detested slavery, and in 1851 he took advantage of divisions in native politics, the presence of Christian missionaries, and the maneuvers of British consul John Beecroft to encourage the overthrow of the regime. A "house" included the extended family of the trader, including retainers and slaves. Significantly, Macauley's NNDP remained almost entirely a Lagos party, popular only in the area whose people already had experience in elective politics. Progressive constitutions after World War II provided for increasing representation and electoral government by Nigerians. It represented a substantial element of reformism in the North. Thanks to this skewed writing of history, many Nigerians today still have Empire nostalgia and view the colonial period through rose-tinted . [11], The British led a series of military campaigns to enlarge its sphere of influence and expand its commercial opportunities. In 1912, Lugard returned to Nigeria from his six-year term as Governor of Hong Kong, to oversee the merger of the northern and southern protectorates. Every Sultan and Emir and the principal officers of state will be appointed by the high Commissioner throughout all this country. The history of Nigeria can be traced to the earliest inhabitants whose remains date from at least 13,000 BC through early civilizations such as the Nok culture which began around 1500 BC.Numerous ancient African civilizations settled in the region that is known today as Nigeria, such as the Kingdom of Nri, the Benin Empire, and the Oyo Empire. Spain was driven by three main motivations. The Ekumeku, however, became a great source of Igbo nationalism. The policy of indirect rule used in Northern Nigeria became a model for British colonies elsewhere in Africa. "The agents performed similar but more expansive roles as their Company counterparts. The British turned to Persia for oil.[83]. The Sokoto jihad and the Yoruba wars stimulated the slave trade at a time when the British were actively trying to stop it. Anietie A. Inyang & Manasseh Edidem Bassey, "Imperial Treaties and the Origins of British Colonial Rule in Southern Nigeria, 18601890". The palm oil trade was also linked to the Sokoto jihad and the Yoruba wars, because many warriors recognized the importance of slaves not only as soldiers and producers of food to feed soldiers but additionally as producers of palm oil to trade for European dane guns and other goods. In some instances, however, a double allegianceto the idea of sacred monarchy for its symbolic value and to modern concepts of law and administrationwas maintained. Additionally. Vice consuls were assigned to ports that already had concluded treaties of cooperation with the Foreign Office. The Action Group consistently supported minority-group demands for autonomous states within a federal structure, as well as the severance of a midwest state from the Western Region. [81] In 1936, of 6,259,547 income for the Nigerian state, 1,156,000 went back to England as home pay for British officials in the Nigerian civil service. The Treasury used a planned budget for payment of staff and development of public works projects, and therefore could not be spent at the discretion of the local traditional ruler. Even before gaining its charter, the Company signed treaties with local leaders which granted it broad sovereign powers. Among his leading lieutenants were Samuel Akintola of Ogbomoso and the Oni of Ife, the most important of the Yoruba monarchs. Some of the treaties contained prohibitions on diplomacy conducted without British permission, or other promises to abide by British rule. In April 1927, the British colonial government in Nigeria took measures to enforce the Native Revenue (Amendment) Ordinance. Their forces, which were drawn from hundreds of Igbo youth from all parts of the region, created many problems for the British, but the British used forceful tactics and heavy armaments (destroying homes, farms, and roads) to prevail. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria. With one man in practical control of the Executive and Legislative organs of all the parts, the machine may work passably for sufficient time to enable the transition period to be left behind, by which time the answer to the problemUnitary v. Federal Statewill probably have become clear. 1 Economic Motives. But the war had more concrete consequences. The mud-walled city of Kano was captured in February, and, after a vigorous skirmish at Kotorkwashi, the sultans capital, Sokoto, fell the next month. Beecroft agreed on condition that the slave trade be abolished, and British merchants have a monopoly in commodities. From there, the strategy to conquer the additional portions of what would be Nigeria was planned and executed until nearly all of what is today Nigeria was under British control in 1905. By extending the elective principle and by providing for a central government with a Council of Ministers, the Macpherson Constitution gave renewed impetus to party activity and to political participation at the national level. Its architecture was in both Victorian and Brazilian style, as many of the black elite were English-speakers from Sierra Leone and freedmen repatriated from the Empire of Brazil and Spanish Cuba. Ethnic cleavages intensified in the 1950s. So, how did Europeans end up in Africa? Indeed it was these developments in the history of Kano that transformed the political outlook of the people. By the end of the Napoleonic Wars, it ended slavery in its possessions. The emirs retained their caliphate titles but were responsible to British district officers, who had final authority. Nigerian units also contributed to two divisions serving with British forces in Palestine, Morocco, Sicily and Burma, where they won many honours. There were three main factors that contributed to the European colonization Africa which were, political, social, and economic. The Nigeria Regiment of the RWAFF, integrating troops from the north and south, saw action against German colonial forces in Cameroon and in German East Africa. The Royal Navy bombarded Lagos in November 1851, ousted the pro-slavery Oba Kosoko and established a treaty with the newly installed Oba Akintoye, who was expectedly more amenable to British interests. Rivalry between the Royal Niger Company and the Lagos Protectorate over the boundary between the emirate of Ilorin and the empire of Ibadan was resolved with the abrogation of the charter of the Royal Niger Company on January 1, 1900, in return for wide mineral concessions. This page was last edited on 30 January 2023, at 05:21. The experiment began in 1890 and was repealed in 1939,[71]. When Faidherbe and his successors proceeded with their conquest of the hinterlands they met with strong and sustained resistance from a number of sources including the Moors, the Toucouleur Empire of Segou under Al Hajj Umar and the powerful Almamy . Davies and Nnamdi Azikiwe. It was British colonialism which was the ultimate cause of the war . [35] However, the company did accept that local kings could act as partners in governance and trade. Both Africans and Europeans found illegal supplies such as secret stills, obtaining colonial liquor permits, and smuggling. Palm oil was used locally for cooking, the kernels were a source for food, trees were tapped for palm wine, and the fronds were used for building material. The movement brought to public notice a long list of future leaders, including H.O. Ken Swindell, "The Commercial Development of the North: Company and Government Relations, 19001906". One of the factors that contributed to the success of indirect rule in Northern Nigeria was the use of the existing traditional system of administration. In the 1850s, quinine had been found to combat malaria, and aided by the medicine, a Liverpool merchant, Macgregor Laird, opened the river. After the Berlin Conference of 1884, Britain announced the formation of the Oil Rivers Protectorate, which included the Niger Delta and extended eastward to Calabar, where the British Consulate General was relocated from Fernando Po. The supply of precious metals was finite, and monarchs hoped to find large deposits of gold and silver in the Americas. The introduction of the federal principle, with deliberative authority devolved on the regions, signalled recognition of the country's diversity. To establish settled government in the newly won districts; To improve and extend native footpaths throughout the country; To construct properly graded roads in the more populated districts; To clear the numerous rivers in the country and make them suitable for launch and canoe traffic; and. [73] The colonial government would enact new legislation in reaction to the pandemic including, travel passes for individuals in the colony, increased usage of sanitary practices, and door to door checks on indigenous Nigerian households. [40] By 1893, most of the other political entities in Yorubaland recognised the practical necessity of signing another treaty with the British, this one explicitly joining them with the protectorate of Lagos. Local leaders, cognizant of the situation in the West Indies, India, and elsewhere, recognised the risks of British expansion. Europeans, with an eye to colonization and conquest, restricted the sale of the new weaponry to Africa maintaining military superiority. Kingdoms and empires of precolonial Nigeria, Controversies surrounding the 2007 presidential election, Nigeria under Umaru Musa YarAdua and Goodluck Jonathan, The 2015 elections and electorate concerns, Recession, fight against corruption, and insecurity, Which Country Is Larger By Population? One 1885 treaty read: We, the undersigned King and Chiefs [] with the view to the bettering of the condition of our country and people, do this day cede to the National Africa Company (Limited), their heirs and assigns, forever, the whole of our territory [] We also give the said National African Company (Limited) full power to settle all native disputes arising from any cause whatever, and we pledge ourselves not to enter into any war with other tribes without the sanction of the said National Africa Company (Limited). The colonial period proper in Nigeria lasted from 1900 to 1960, after which Nigeria gained its independence. 4. The charter allowed the company to collect customs and make treaties with local leaders.[12]. [82], Oil exploration began in 1906 under John Simon Bergheim's Nigeria Bitumen Corporation, to which the Colonial Office granted exclusive rights. The pace of constitutional change accelerated after the promulgation of the Richards Constitution. ", Helen Chapin Metz, ed. brighton grey motion loveseat; waterford, ct obituaries; jane wymark children. [17] Much of this oil was sold elsewhere in the British Empire. The Deputy Governor served as political administrator for company territory and appointed three officials in Nigeria to carry out the work of administration. While initially organised for professional and fraternal reasons, these were centres of educated people who had chances to develop their leadership skills in the organisations, as well as form broad social networks. Nigeria: A Country Study. The Conquest (La Conqute) is a term used to describe the acquisition of Canada by Great Britain during the Seven Years' War.It also refers to the resulting conditio The large companies that subsequently opened depots in the delta cities and in Lagos were as ruthlessly competitive as the delta towns themselves and frequently used force to compel potential suppliers to agree to contracts and to meet their demands. The Action Group was largely the creation of Chief Obafemi Awolowo, General Secretary of Egbe Omo Oduduwa and leader of the Nigerian Produce Traders' Association. [31], Captain John Glover, the colony's administrator, created a militia of Hausa troops in 1861. ", Tamuno, T. N. (1970). Park reached the upper Niger the next year by travelling inland from the Gambia River. Colonial Lagos was a busy, cosmopolitan port. In time, they built depots onshore and eventually moved up the Niger River to establish stations in the interior. Britain also encouraged the formation of the Muslim League of India in 1907. The Lander brothers were seized by slave traders in the interior and sold down the river to a waiting European ship. The Resident also oversaw a Provincial Court at the region's capital. In the 1870s, therefore, George Taubman Goldie began amalgamating companies into the United African Company, soon renamed the National African Company. An example was that at Onitsha, where they could bargain directly with local suppliers and purchase products likely to turn a profit. The said National African Company (Limited) bind themselves to protect the said King and Chiefs from the attacks of any neighbouring tribes (Ibid.). By a British Act of Parliament, Nigeria became independent on 1 October 1960. [57], From 1895 to 1900, a railway was constructed running from Lagos to Ibadan; it opened in March 1901. The only significant interruption in economic development arose from natural disasterthe Great Drought of 191314. [13], The Colonial Office accepted Lugard's proposal that the Governor would not be required to stay in-country full-time; consequently, as Governor, Lugard spent four months out of the year in London. In 1886, Taubman secured a royal charter and his company became the Royal Niger Company. Bello wanted to protect northern social and political institutions from southern influence. These courts contained majorities British members and represented a new level of presumptive British sovereignty in the Bight of Biafra. The slave trade was heaviest in the period 17001850, with an average of 76,000 people taken from Africa each year between 1783 and 1792. Colonial official A. J. Harding commented in 1913: Sir F. Lugard's proposal contemplates a state which it is impossible to classify. A revelatory account of British imperialism's shameful impact on Africa's most populous state. Falola, Toyin, Ann Genova, and Matthew M. Heaton. A.J. Hence, precolonial level of development is positively asso-ciated with level of Spanish colonialism, but negatively associated with level of British colonialism. With this victory, the British went on to conquer the rest of Yorubaland, which had also been weakened by sixteen years of civil war. In the main the following factors contributed to the growth of colonies: Firstly, in the first place the discovery of new lands encouraged the various colonies to establish their colonies there. During World War II, three battalions of the Nigeria Regiment fought against Fascist Italy in the Ethiopian campaign. It was suspended in 1950 against a call for greater autonomy, which resulted in an inter-parliamentary conference at Ibadan in 1950. [16] Starting in 1740, the British were the primary European slave trafficker from this area. Despite these difficulties, the Action Group rapidly built an effective organisation. Britain annexed Lagos in 1861 and established the Oil River Protectorate in 1884. British Colonizing in Nigeria. At the same time it is feasible by degrees to bring them gradually into approximation with our ideas of justice and humanity. Frederick Lugard, who was appointed as High Commissioner of the Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1900 and served until 1906 in his first term, often has been regarded by the British as their model colonial administrator. Quiz. by How Africa 6 years ago. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeriaannalise mahanes height. Another court was established in 1856 at Calabar, based on an agreement with local Efik traders which prohibited them from interfering with British merchants. His government guided the country for the next three years, operating with almost complete autonomy in internal affairs. The basic economic units in each town were "houses", family-operated entities that engendered loyalty for its employees. [18], In 1807, the Parliament of the United Kingdom enacted the Slave Trade Act, prohibiting British subjects from participating in the Atlantic slave trade. However, in October 1929 in Oloko a census related to taxation was conducted, and the women in the area suspected that this was a prelude to the extension of direct taxation, which had been imposed on the men the previous year. Developed from Mayan civilization B. acquired empires by means of military conquest C. Independently developed iron technology D. Depended entirely on oral record keeping . He was convinced that the Muslim religion had fallen into utter degeneration as a result of moral depravity of the Hausa Emirs. What Britain Did to Nigeria A Short History of Conquest and Rule Max Siollun. In Europe, Britain sent troops to help its ally, Prussia, which was surrounded by its enemies. In 1900, the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate passed from company hands to the Crown. (This was also reflective of growing pan-Africanism among American activists of the time.) The British entry into World War I saw the confiscation of Nigerian palm oil firms operated by expatriates from the Central Powers. A chief of Bonny in 1860 explained that he refused a British treaty due to the tendency to "induce the Chiefs to sign a treaty whose meaning they did not understand, and then seize upon the country".[14]. The seven men who governed Northern Nigeria, Southern Nigeria and Lagos through 1914 were Henry McCallum, William MacGregor, Walter Egerton, Ralph Moor, Percy Girouard, Hesketh Bell and Frederick Lugard.
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