These rebellions sprung up in defiance and from disapproval of the conduct and legitimacy of the new NRA government. in the Western Nilotic branch of Nilo-Saharan. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Before the late seventeenth century, Luo speakers were limited to only a few peripheral areas of Acholi. of as dialects of Acholi. PUBLISHED: 30/01/2023. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Pre-colonial Phase." Western Nilotic Eastern Nilotic Southern Nilotic, Burun Lwoo Nuer-Dinka Teso-Turkana Bari Maa-Lotuko, North South Required electronic filing by tax-exempt political organizations. named Luo. Lineage heads, assisted by lineage elders, organized both production (based on cooperative village-lineage labor) and reproduction (through the control of the material means and ideological rules of marriage). Over the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, some seventy chiefdoms were founded throughout the area that became Acholi, leading to the development of a new social order and political culture, the spread of a new language (Luo), and the evolution of a new society and collective identity. Most Acholi also continue to live in thatched, round mud houses, although wealthier Acholi and those who live in town or near major roads have square houses of mud or block, with iron or tile roofs. authority of a district commissioner. the northern regions, this relationship changed. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. colonial rule in their region for decades, before finally being integrated in the Ugandan territory The Acholi region and language 51. Nevertheless, many remain in a state of displacement. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team Sign up to Minority rights Group International's newsletter to stay up to date with the latest news and publications. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. When the victorious NRA started violent acts of vengeance in the following years, [26], In 2016, the multi award-winning film, A Brilliant Genocide was produced. During this time, people were separated from their land for long periods, and many people disappeared or were killed. Movement. In the past, medical problems were addressed through approaches to various spirits, by visits to diviners, and by the use of herbs, roots, and other folk medicines. Starting in the late seventeenth century, a new sociopolitical order developed among the Luo of Northern Uganda, mainly characterized by the formation of chiefdoms headed by Rwodi (sg. Kinship Terminology. - CORE Mass meetings were organized separately by Luo people in Kavirondo and the Kikuyu people in Nairobi. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Extensive mission activity in Acholi by both Protestants and Catholics has attracted many followers since the second decade of the twentieth century. their clans, giving them the ability to accumulate wealth and power beyond their rights to land This made the chiefs more independent from Since independence, a relatively few Acholi army officers have managed to accumulate substantial fortunes, as have a few traders. Hansen, Holger B., and Michael Twaddle, eds. At its peak in 2005 over Corrections? The LRA has been targeting civilians, the majority being their own tribe, the Acholi. He wrote, "Part of the structural causes of the conflict in Uganda has been explained as rooted in the 'diversity of ethnic groups which were at different levels of socio-economic development and political organisation.' The Acholi of Uganda. Acholiland or "Acoli-land" (also known as the Acholi sub-region) is a necessarily inexact ethnolinguistic taxonomy that refers to the region traditionally inhabited by the Acholi. for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the When the camps were disbanded and people began to return to their land, customary rules for land tenure did not necessarily have the answers to some of the problems faced by Acholi people: men had lost their fathers from whom they would be granted land; children did not know where their clan land was; women were married to men without following the customary rules for marriage because of a lack of resources; and women were widowed and left with few options for survival. Occasional Paper no. Most political organizations take the form of a voluntary association of persons or organizations that pools its members' and constituents' financial and other resources, and engages in conventional political actions to affect policy-making outcomes. Uganda's current army, various local rebel groups (some headed by apocalyptic "prophets" such as Alice Lakwena), and heavily armed Karamojong raiders have all raped, looted, killed, and destroyed, making any kind of normal life in Acholi impossible. The settlement of the Acholi in their current territory is compared to the ethnic groups in the journalist who created an account of the history and traditions of the Acholi, wrote that the In addition, the peace forums have worked to help establish the Amnesty Commission. Social Control. This structure was maintained by the real anointed chiefs of the Acholi, the rwodi moo. Domestic Unit. solidification of an Acholi identity, with their common language becoming an important marker. A rebellion in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. It is formations in the form of chiefdoms and kingdoms by the end of the first millennium A.D. Religion of the Central Luo. [25], Some of the groups in Acholi, like the UPDA, detested the Museveni regime because it had overthrown the government in which they served. p. 41). A.D. Of their history during this time only little is known. The documentary was met with mixed reactions, with many people familiar with the situation dubbing it a shallow and money-grabbing scheme. The combination of the two events, have put pressure on the LRA to lay down its arms. Other uncategorised cookies are those that are being analysed and have not been classified into a category as yet. The Lwoo. et al., 1972; Heine & Knig, 2010) and Chopi (Storch, 2005) as individual languages, instead [10], The Acholi are known to the outside world mainly because of the long insurgency of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) led by Joseph Kony, an Acholi from Gulu. LRA, after losing support from the local population, also turned on the people of northern During the later nineteenth century, the emergent Acholi became involved in the international trade in ivory and slaves, which were exchanged mainly for cattle, beads, blankets, cotton cloth, and firearms. Okot p'Bitek (1971). Kuturia Housein fired the first gun shot on Acholiland who had never seen and ." Atkinson, Ronald R. (1994). In 2005, the new International Criminal Court in The Hague issued arrest warrants for Joseph Kony and other top LRA commanders. Encyclopedia.com. 61). More commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector represents an income that averages several times that of a member of the majority peasant population. //]]>, ETHNONYMS: Acoli, Acooli; historically: Gani, Lango, Lo-Gang, Shuuli. World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. [1994], p. 80). These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customised ads. London: James Currey. They have also "played a vital role in Acholi traditional reconciliation processes and in preparing the community to receive former combatants. It is part of the Southern Lwoo languages It does not correspond to any user ID in the web application and does not store any personally identifiable information. Further tidying up and smoothing over the grave take place within the week. (Whitmire, 2013, p. 46). "Swazi" refers to the nation, tr, Fipa Socialization. Medicine. "Land Tenure in Acholi." During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his second term, Acholi soldiers played key roles in the massive conflict in other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany of them innocent civilianslost their lives; from the mid-1980s into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict. (1972). He was defeated in January 1986. Ethnohistory 36(1): 19-43. Childlessness is one of the most serious misfortunes imaginable; women are typically blamed, and the marriage often ends or the husband takes a second wife. . The cookie is set by Facebook to show relevant advertisments to the users and measure and improve the advertisements. The Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) under the leadership of Joseph Kony has waged a war against Yoweri Museveni's government. The Taxpayer First Act, Pub. Customs may reinforce social justifications for inequitable land rights for men and women. Traditionally, land rights were vested in localized patrilineal lineages, under the control and guidance of lineage heads and elders. before. development of chiefdoms seems to have been the ability of rwodi to help The movement hopes to strengthen the political and economic power of women in society and so push back destruction of the natural environment. Its current population is estimated to be around 2.155,000 individuals, or six percent of the total national population. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Figure 5. friendly, but after the inception of the British Protectorate of Uganda in 1894, which included The Acholi are proud and loud, but have been exposed as a group without a uniting leadership. population. The Acholi are the descendants of a variety of Luo-speaking peoples who are believed to have migrated three or four centuries ago from adjacent areas of what is now South Sudan into what is now the Acholi district of Uganda. 3 vols. This cookie is set by doubleclick.net. Traditionally, lineage heads and elders were the most knowledgeable aboutand involved withthe lineage and chiefdom jogi, although rwodi also had a role to play in ceremonies involving the latter. "In 1997, the Catholic, Anglican, Muslim, and later the Orthodox religious leaders of Acholi formalized their increasing cooperation on peace issues by setting up the Acholi Religious Leaders' Peace Initiative (ARLPI). This cookie is set by Facebook to deliver advertisement when they are on Facebook or a digital platform powered by Facebook advertising after visiting this website. Acholi have played a pivotal role in the turbulent post-independence era. According to the latest census, there are 1.47 million ethnic Acholi in Uganda, amounting to 4.4 per cent of the total population. Colonial rule brought the penetration of a money economy into Acholi, along with the establishment of numerous rural and small-town trading centers and the two major urban centers of Gulu and Kitgum, where a range of local and imported goods are available. Malandra, Alfred (1939). "The Concept of Jok among the Acholi and Lango." The northerners also contributed to the further evolution of an Acholi identity, not only by introducing the name "Shuuli," which eventually became "Acholi," but by acting in ways that promoted Acholi as a meaningful ethnic and geographic entity. supported them at first also regretted their support after seeing the sufferings of Acholi in In war, the men used spears and long, narrow shields of giraffe or ox hide. The government of Uganda has responded to the conflict by adopting both military and general amnesty strategies. The Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964-1 985. areas of the Buganda Kingdom and their main trading routes extended eastwards towards Kenya, of them innocent civilianslost their lives; from the mid-1980s the furthest back is the historical reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), who described the Politics has been around for millennia. Langlands, B. W. (1971). Encyclopedia.com. Industrial Arts. The long civil war in the North has destroyed much of their society. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. It does not store any personal data. London: James Currey. ." Milton Obote (196271, 198085). Inheritance has been, and largely remains, patrilineal. He had established the Equatorial Province in 1870 It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. (1955). Uma, F. K. (1971). Under Ugandan Pres. "[20] They have continued to work to end the war through negotiation. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi, "Acholi You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Identification. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. ." Under Amins brutal regime, an estimated 300,000 died many of them Acholi. With the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Sudan in 2005, and the establishment of the ex-rebel government in newly independent South Sudan in territory in which the LRA once operated freely, those lines of support have been substantially weakened, if not severed altogether. PUBLISHED: 27/01/2023. 1.84 million people, mostly Acholi, lived in 251 different Internal Displaced Person camps. families living together in hamlets. political organisation of the acholipadma shri award 2012 list. They were approached in regard to such general concerns as good health, fertility, and appeals or thanks for good harvests in ceremonies that usually emphasized the consciousness, cohesiveness, and continuation of their respective groups as functioning corporate entities. Most Acholi, however, continue to live in neighborhoods (parishes) that not only consist predominantly of patrilineal kinsmen and their wives, but often carry the old lineage names. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Uganda Now: Between Decay and Development. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. point to the most recent violent conflict was the overthrow of the Okello-led government by the Political Organization. 2008. [CDATA[ These guns brought window.__mirage2 = {petok:"igNXChGgDPbig_bsHwJgxoRb9NTulTcrPPRjDe2iFNY-86400-0"}; Doom, Ruddy and Koen Vlassenroot. The Central Lwo during the Aconya. Orientation prefix a- denoting the 1st Person Singular (Whitmire, 2013, p. 51). Used by Google DoubleClick and stores information about how the user uses the website and any other advertisement before visiting the website. According to the 53- The name "Acholi" is used for peoples living in the former Acholi District of northern Uganda (now divided into the Gulu and Kitgum districts) and the adjoining area of the southern Sudan. Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to "[9], Milton Obote, the first leader after independence, relied on Acholi Luo people and Langi Nilo Hamites or Ateker peoples in government. Crazzolara, J. P. (1950-1954). Organizational politics are informal, unofficial, and sometimes behind-the-scenes efforts to sell ideas, influence an organization, increase power, or achieve other targeted objectives (Brandon & Seldman, 2004; Hochwarter, Witt, & Kacmar, 2000). (1976). The chiefs traditionally came from one clan, and each chiefdom had several villages made up of different patrilineal clans. [19], The religious leaders have tried to help end the conflict in the country of the last two decades and to reconcile the parties. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. This is used to present users with ads that are relevant to them according to the user profile. administration within the region and the district headquarters were erected in the area of the It was also during this period that the name Acholi was coined by the Arab traders, calling against the central government. We hope you find it interesting. Since Ugandan forces pushed the LRA out of Northern Uganda, the majority were able to return to their homes, though without much in the way of government support. were able gain wealth by trading mainly in ivory. interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into This cookies is set by Youtube and is used to track the views of embedded videos. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. element of the social and political environment of the region. comparably flat. The purpose of the cookie is to determine if the user's browser supports cookies. Even bride-wealth marriages are now often mainly nuclear-family affairs, and other alternatives to traditional marriage are common. Millet is the staple food of the Acholi, and tobacco is grown for trade. Political Organization Defined A political organization subject to Code section 527 is a party, committee, association, fund or other organization (whether or not incorporated) organized and operated primarily for the purpose of directly or indirectly accepting contributions or making expenditures, or both, for an exempt function. The Tonga occupy much of Southern Province in Zambia (formerly No, ETHNONYMS: Batswana, Bechuana (colonial appellation) However, the date of retrieval is often important. Acholi: Talking Politics in Northern Uganda Many Ugandans follow politics with keen interest, and President Yoweri Musevei's 34-year tenure notwithstanding, politics is a frequent topic of in-depth conversation and spirited debate among friends and acquaintances, and my conversations with my mentor are no exception. century, social stratification appears limited, owing primarily to both the nations capital Kampala in 1988. Trade. find its conclusion until the 19th century. came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the many of them children, the conflict led to the displacement of millions. [17] Most of the LRA returnees, numbering 12,000, underwent nyono tong gweno ('stepping on the egg') after returning to their home villages, to help restore them to home. London: Oxford University Press.
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